Myojinsho

Geography & Climate

Myojinsho is located in Japan, within the Izu Volcanic Arc of the broader Northwestern Pacific Volcanic Regions. Situated at 31.89° N, 139.92° E in the Northern Hemisphere, the volcano lies within a subtropical climate zone. At just 11 meters above sea level, Myojinsho is a relatively low-elevation volcanic feature. Despite its modest height, it remains an active geological formation with the same underlying magmatic processes as its taller counterparts. The volcanic landform is characterized as a caldera, which describes the physical shape and structure of the volcanic edifice as observed from the surface.

Geological Context

Myojinsho sits in a subduction zone, where one tectonic plate dives beneath another, creating intense heat and pressure that generates magma. Subduction zones are responsible for many of the world's most explosive volcanoes and deadliest eruptions. For communities in Japan near Myojinsho, this tectonic setting means the volcano is capable of producing powerful explosive eruptions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars that can threaten populated areas within tens of kilometers of the summit. The dominant rock type is dacite, an intermediate to silica-rich volcanic rock. This composition typically produces more viscous magma, leading to more explosive eruptions with ash columns and pyroclastic flows. Andesitic and dacitic magmas build pressure before erupting, which is why volcanoes with this rock chemistry are often associated with Plinian-style eruptions that can send ash tens of kilometers into the atmosphere and disrupt aviation across entire regions.

Eruption History Summary

Myojinsho has 25 recorded eruptions in the geological database, spanning from 1869 CE to 2023 CE. The most powerful recorded event was an explosive event producing ash plumes up to several kilometers in 1970 CE, reaching VEI 2 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. With an average interval of roughly 6 years between eruptions over a span of 154 years, this is one of the more frequently active volcanoes in the database. This persistent activity suggests a robust and well-supplied magma system beneath the volcano. With eruptive activity as recently as 2023 CE, Myojinsho remains an actively monitored volcano.

Significance

Its 25 recorded eruptions make it one of the most prolific volcanoes in our database, reflecting a persistent and well-documented eruptive history that has provided volcanologists with extensive data for understanding eruption patterns and forecasting future activity. Given its recent activity, Myojinsho is closely monitored by geological survey organizations to provide early warning of future unrest.

GVP Reference Summary

Beyonesu Rocks are part of the barely exposed rim of the largely submarine Myojinsho caldera. Formation of the 8-9 km wide caldera was followed by construction of a large (2.6 km3) lava dome and/or lava flow complex on the caldera floor, originally located at a depth of 1,000-1,100 m. Most eruptions recorded since the late-19th century have occurred from the dacitic post-caldera Myojinsho lava dome on the NE caldera rim. Deposits from submarine pyroclastic flows associated with growth of the dome cover it and extend both into the NE part of the caldera and down its outer slopes. An explosive submarine eruption from Myojinsho in 1952 destroyed a Japanese research vessel, killing all 31 on board. Submarine eruptions have also been observed from other points on the caldera rim and outside of the caldera. The Beyonesu Rocks were named after the French warship the Bayonnaise, which was surveying volcanic islands south of Tokyo Bay in 1850.

— Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program